The Watergate Scandal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

The Watergate Scandal - Research Paper Example President Richard Nixon took further steps by forming the ‘White House Plumbers’ to help keep such intentions as hidden as possible. Members of the organization were high-ranking government officials. Some were even members of the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and had specific knowledge and abilities that enabled them to carry out their part in the burglary. This scheme was morally wrong for it was a deceitful attempt to re-elect the president. Nixon, by being involved in this scandal, violated his oath. The moral integrity of the CREEP members was already suspect based on their political behavior before the Watergate. Washington, D.C. police had taken into custody five men headed by James W. McCord Jr. on the 17th of June 1972. The five, captured with electronic surveillance equipment, had tried to install listening devices in the Democratic headquarters to find out Democratic campaign preparations (Friedman & Levantrosser 98). The men were discovered to be affiliated to the Republic Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP). Papers kept by these men also involved White House advisor E. Howard Hunt and CREEP assistant G. Gordon Liddy. President Nixon openly disproved any allegation that he was involved â€Å"in this very bizarre incident† (Barden 19). The Washington court charged the seven men with eavesdropping, burglary, and conspiracy. Judge John Sirica, the one who presided over the case, believes that other high-ranking government officials were informed of the break-in and the efforts to keep it hidden. Nixon revealed in April 1973 that â€Å"there had been an effort to conceal th e facts,† (Barden 19) and held his personnel responsible. He denied any knowledge of the scheme. Meanwhile, while in prison, McCord revealed that he and the others had been forced by high-ranking Republican Party officers to keep their

Analysis Coke And Pepsi Learn To Compete In India Business Essay

Analysis Coke And Pepsi Learn To Compete In India Business Essay The political environment in India has proven to be critical to company performance for both Pepsi co and coca-cola India. What specific aspects of the political environment have played key roles? Could these effects have been anticipated prior to market entry? If not, could developments in the political arena have been handled better by each company? In order to understand what Coca Cola and Pepsi had to deal with in India, it is essential to grasp the full meaning of what politics includes. Politics is not merely the political ideology the country has and thus the governance of the state including government policies and the role he plays in the country but also on a micro level it deals with small associations and unions and thus also with division of power. India was seen for many years as being unfriendly to foreign investors. In fact the Principle of Indigenous Availability law specified that if an item could be obtained locally, imports of a similar product were forbidden. Following the first Gulf War in 1991, measures were taken to liberalize the Indian economy introducing the New Industrial Policy to eliminate barriers such as bureaucracy and regulation to foreign direct investment. Despite this, protectionism was still evident in India. Pepsi entered the Indian beverage market in July 1986 i.e. before the liberalization of Indias government, while Coca Cola followed for the second time (after a presence between 1958 and 1977) in 1993. Despite this, both of them received alien status upon entry in the Indian market. The two corporations were required to follow government policies designed to impede foreign business. Sales of Pepsis soft drink concentrate to local bottlers could not exceed 25% of total sales while fruits and vegetables by Pepsi Foods Ltd. had to be processed. Coca Cola on the other hand had to agree to sell 49% of its equity as a condition of entering and buying out an Indian company (Parle). Moreover, according to Indian law it was forbidden to promote products under foreign brand names if sold within India and thus Pepsi became Lehar Pepsi and Coca Cola became Coca Cola India. The Indian government acted as a regulator imposing sets of laws and rules that restrained the way the companies do business. According to Dr. Ashok Rao, (Head of Network Project, CEDT, Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore) (2006), India has a very confused, diverse and stagnant political system. The amount of political parties present in India and the power regional political parties have, act as big barriers to businesses. Unlike Western democracies, power is centralized and top politicians dictate what happens thus businesses will have to work through many more layers to reach to somebody who can actually take a decision. The micro environment in India mainly pressure groups also affected heavily Coca Cola and Pepsi. Their political power in India was substantial at the time. To name a few, there was the All-India Anti-Imperialist Forum which called for a boycott of all American and British goods after the attacks on Iraq and the Centre for Science and Environment (CSE) led by Ms. Sunita Narain who issued a report stating that drinks made by Coca Cola and PepsiCo were found to contain pesticide residue far higher than the limits suggested by governments Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS). Both of them led to decline in sales; however, the damage done to sales through government action was less important than the bad publicity received. All the above highlight the political power and instability present in India. Government situations in India were dynamic and inconsistent mainly because government laws and policies were unclear and not based on strong foundations (Ash Rao, 2006). Because of this inconsistency in the legal environment, there was a greater importance played on lobbying the politicians. Lack of solid institutions gave way to corruption. In fact, as Li Chain, (Ex-member, Planning Commission and Political Reformer in Bangalor) stated years later (Ashok Rao et al, 2006), India ranks high on the corruption index. We have not yet found a way of containing corruption in our bureaucracy and political system. Being such a dynamic and inconsistent environment, Coca Cola and Pepsi could not predict most of the issues raised beforehand. However, just by looking at the unstable, confusing and dynamic political environment both companies should have been prepared to deal with similar issues. Coca Colas agreement to sell 49% of its equity to Indian partners within two years is a case in point. While lobbying was out of the question due to an oversight of the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB), another option would have been that of not investing further through a joint venture with Parle until solid foundations were built. During the time, investment rules were constantly changing and unclear and thus Coca Cola should have known better and not expect an equal treatment (other foreign companies such as Philips and Carrier were allowed to buy back most of their outstanding shares) considering that as stated by market analysts, there was no apparent logic behind India government policies. PepsiCo was quite quick in every situation to abide with the changing policies however both companies lacked pro-activeness. With specific measures in place, both companies could have avoided all the bad publicity on their brand names. Timing of entry into the Indian market brought different results for PepsiCo and Coca-Cola India. What benefits or disadvantages accrued as a result of earlier or later entry? Timing of entry in a foreign market is a critical decision. Although the first entrant in the market would have better chances of gaining market share, both first and following entrants have their advantages and disadvantages. The political and legal environment in India does not present a clear cut line which amongst PepsiCo and Coca Cola India had the most advantages in terms of time of entry. PepsiCo was the first to enter the market in 1986, although in actual fact Coca Cola had already had a presence in India between 1958 and 1977. The decision to leave was taken when Indias government tried to force Coca-Cola to share their recipe and trim its equity stake down to 40%. Coca Cola re-entered the market in 1993. PepsiCos timing was impeccable. During that period the carbonated soft drink market experienced substantial growth in India. Pepsi were able to ensure their place and grab a good share amount of the soft drink sales; managing in fact to gain 29% market share by 1993. Moreover, according to Srivastava M. (2010) Pepsi became this catch-all for anything that was bottled, fizzy and from abroad. The word Pepsi became part of everyday vocabulary in India referring to soft drinks in general and not only PepsiCo soft drinks. However, PepsiCo also suffered from a number disadvantages because of its timing. The Indian Government only approved its application to trade in the Indian market after agreeing to the threshold of total sales not exceeding 25% and that of changing name to Lehar Pepsi. PepsiCo also struggled to fight off the smaller Indian soft drink brands in its venture to gain market share. Coca Cola India, on the other hand, entered the market 6 years after PepsiCo. During this timeframe legislations were amended to facilitate foreign investment including the elimination of the clause forcing foreign companies to join forces with Indian companies in order to be able to enter the market. In fact, Coca Cola entered the Indian market as Coca-Cola India in 1993. However, wanting to expand its investments, Coca Cola India formed a joint venture with industry leader, Parle, in 1996, buying out four of its bottling plants together with its leading brands Thums Up, Limca, Citra, Gold Spot and Mazaa. For Coca-Cola India to do this, however, it had to sign an agreement with the Indian government agreeing to sell 49% of its equity to Indian Partners. The Indian market is enormous in terms of population and geography. How have the two companies responded to the sheer scale of operations in India in terms of i. product policies, ii. promotional activities, iii. pricing policies and iv. distribution arrangements. A population of over 1 billion people ( as of 2010 census) and being the 7th largest country in the world, makes India one of the largest markets in the current economy. Both Pepsi and Coke had to adapt to such enormity, and they did so throughout several areas. Product Policies Both companies carefully catered for the Indian tastes. They entered the market with products close to those already available in India such as lime beverages, fruit drinks as well as water. They carefully waited until they had a secure position in the market and had established their core products; then introduced American- type drinks. One particular example is the introduction of Sprite, a beverage forming part of the Coca- Cola family. They also introduced new products. Coke was the first to start producing bottled water under the name of Kinley while Pepsi Foods introduced Aquafina. Promotional Activities The Navrartri Festival is the second highest season for soft-drink consumption. Pepsi and Coke made full use of this festival and saw it as a promotional opportunity. Coca-Cola India: It gave away 20,000 passes to the festival; one for every purchase of a Thums Up. They also introduced a buy one get one free scheme and held lucky draws where one could win a trip to Goa. PepsiCo: It sponsored dance competitions on a large scale and had many promotional offers such as a free kilo of Basmati rice with every refill of a case of 300ml of Pepsi as well as free kit-kat with every 1.5 l bottle and free Polo with every 500ml bottle. The segmentation of different areas of India allowed for the differentiation and division of rural and urban Indian youth into categories, India A and India B respectively. Doing so they were able to advertise and promote their products differently so as to target and appeal to these markets individually. Coke made use of Bollywood stars to endorse its products, featuring them in their adverts and campaigns while Pepsi preferred to use sporting events and famous athletes such as cricket players and sponsored events such as the Cricket World Series of 2003. Pricing Policies PepsiCo: It included an aggressive pricing policy on their one litre bottles which created different reactions between their competition. Coc Cola India: In 2003, it slashed its prices of softdrinks by 15-25% as an attempt to encourage consumption and enhance affordability. It also made sure the soft drinks were made available to consumers so as to make it a regular purchase. PepsiCo was forced to match these price cuts in order to keep up. Distribution Arrangement In terms of distribution arrangements both PepsiCo and Coca-Cola India had production plants and bottling centers all throughout India located strategically in the largest cities including Bombay/Mumbai and Delhi. More plants were added when demand increased and when the product range grew. Moreover, having formed partnerships with local companies, both Coca Cola and Pepsi were able to get initial access into the market. Global Localisation is a policy both companies have implemented successfully. Give examples for each company from the case. By definition, the term glocal refers to the organization (in this case corporations such as Coca Cola India and PepsiCo) and the community which is willing and able to think globally and act locally. Both firms have identified this emerging trend as the key element to surviving in the Indian Market. They adapted their products to the location and culture they marketed them in. PepsiCo PepsiCos first signs of glocalisation were apparent from the moment it attempted to enter the Indian market as it did so as a joint venture with another two locally based companies, Voltas and Punjab Agro. Together they formed PepsiFoods Ltd. In 1990 PepsiCo then proceeded to changing its name as well as the name of its other products to Pepsi Lehar so as to conform with the imposed government regulations. This name also helped them to integrate further with the Indian culture. PepsiCo also launched Lehar 7UP so as to cater for the local tastes and lime culture and placed this in the clear lemon beverage category. PepsiCo vigorously sponsored cricket players as well as cricket and other sporting tournaments such as soccer. It also sponsored for the whole event those cricket players in the Indian Cricket Team who participated in the 2003 Cricket World Cup in South Africa. Moreover, it took advantage of the World Cup Fever by organising local tournaments and featuring football heroes during this period in their campaigns. PepsiCo also chose its campaigns to tie in with imporant sporting events such as the Keep it Cool 7UP Summer Campaign which coincided with India Zimbabwe One Day Cricket Series. The endorsement of popular Bollywood actors such Amitabh Bachchcans endorsement of Mirinda was also used. As mentioned in the previous question, PepsiCo also made use of the Navrartri Festival by creating promotional offers. In the year 2000, it teamed up with Guarjarati TV to telecast the festival throughout the 9 nights. Coca-Cola India Coca-Cola India also started off as a joint venture; with Brittania Industries India Ltd. In 1993 it went on to form a joint venture with Parle, purchasing its 4 major bottling plants and leading brands including Thums up which in 2002 ranked second nationwide in terms of softdrink consumption. This allowed it to integrate a national drink under the Coca Cola brand so as to boost Coca Colas image and credibility. Glocalisation is part of Coca Colas think global act local business plan. Coca Cola also made use of the Navrartri Festival in order to integrate themselves with local culture. In 2002 they gave out 20, 000 free passes to the fast dance happening during this festival; one for every bottle of Thums Up bought. Coca Cola India also carried out lifestyle advertising and its main strategy was to build a connect using the relevant local idioms. They made use of adverts featuring famous directors such as A.R. Rahman, music director of Slumdog Millionaire, and made sure to use popular local music such as the gaana. Coca Cola India also made use of Bollywood stars to attract consumers; targeted especially to the rural and urban youth catered for in different segments. Famous stars include Aishwarya Rai and Vivek Oberoi. Some analysts consider that Coca-Cola India made mistakes in planning and managing its return to India. Do you agree? If not, what or who do you think was responsible for any mistakes? Coca Cola first entered the Indian market in 1958, however withdrawn in 1977 after facing many problems from the government, such as cutting its equity stake to 40 percent and being asked to hand over its secret formula for the syrup. Coca Cola managed to re-enter the market in 1993 after the first application in May 1990 was rejected. Pepsis application to enter the Indian market was probably a trigger for Coca Cola to do the same. This could have been Coca Colas first mistake: haste. Wanting to be part of this growing and developing market, it entered the market soon after PepsiCo; despite knowing that although sixteen years had passed from its first attempt in the market, the political environment was still very unstable and thus very risky. Doing heavy research before entering such a risky (politically, economically and also culturally) market, is vital. Still, there was a lot of which Coca Cola did not know about the Indian market, especially in confronting the huge political risks. Although Coca Cola has its faults, blaming Coca Cola entirely would be wrong. The Indian government and other authorities had a lot of power on businesses, as explained in Question 1, making it very hard to predict certain situations. Nonetheless, if Coca Cola India had been a bit more knowledgeable and careful in planning and implementing its corporate and business strategies, it could have avoided certain managing mistakes. However, staying out of this attractive market would have been a shame. Although it is fair to say that its market entry was not made easy due to government application rejections and other imposed rules; Coca Cola India could have tried negotiating with the government a bit more before entering the market). During its first years in the market, Coca Cola India was also very slow in realizing certain key issues such as the ideal price point for its soft drinks. Having more than 50% of the population under poverty line, a reduction in prices (which actually occurred then in 2003), would have increased consumption and thus increasing profits. All in all, Coca Cola India was quite successful in its choice of strategy, considering it has around one million retail outlets around India selling Coca Cola. Few of its best communication strategies were those of including stars from Bollywood in its advertising and the Buy one Get one free promotion. Despite this however, as mentioned before, understanding the Indian population a bit more could have helped. In conclusion, what Coca Cola India needed most were safer and more solid grounds to compete on. While there were a lot of external factors and hidden risks which were out of Coca Colas control, better management of these situations would have lead to better results (as discussed in question 1). Although its clear that Coca Cola made mistakes in its market entry stage; it was also a bit unlucky; maybe due to its hasty decision in entering the market. How can Pepsi and Coke confront the issues of water use in the manufacture of their products? How can they defuse further boycotts or demonstrations against their products? How effective are activist groups like the one that launched the campaign in California? Should Coke address the group directly or just let the furor subside, as it surely will? The Coca Cola Company used 290 billion liters of water in 2006 alone, enough to meet the entire worlds drinking water needs for 10 days (Amit Srivastava, July 30, 2007). This fresh water was mainly used to clean their equipment in the production process, turning two thirds of this water into waste water. One must note that this is done in a country where water shortage is a meagre problem. Therefore both multi-national must take the bull by the horn and change the way they do certain procedures without hiding but being sincere. More efficient ways of cleaning must be found to waste less water and be more responsible towards the Indian nation. Coca-Cola has lately announced a partnership of US $20 billion over three years between them and the world wildlife fund on water conservation. This will help in rebuilding the trust with the Indian population so as to succeed in the Indian market. An element of corporate social responsibility is important for companies to work better within for eign market. Bad publicity can damage a companys reputation definitely. This was clearly experienced by both PepsiCo and Coca Cola India. Although advisory boards were created and purity tests were conducted in order to avoid further boycotts or demonstrations against their products, this was not enough. Better use of Public Relations would have been a first step. Having conducted purity tests, the next step would be that of communicating the results in an effective way. Choosing to deny the accusations and then presenting these tests could have been felt as a pique. The use of press releases and open days at the factories showing the process for example would have made both the government and the general public more participant. Moreover, trying to deal with the government by emphasizing on corporate social responsibility could have gained governments trust and thus earn a safer position in exchange. Offering a percentage of their profits to help in building schools or hospitals in India could h ave been an idea. Activist groups, like the one in California, are very powerful. They can be great allies but also worst enemies for a company. Their influence on the general Coke consumer is great as they reach the consumer directly through various activities; and in turn these consumers force manufacturers/ suppliers etc to take action. In fact, the campaigns in California led to several bottling plants closing down as well as the discontinuation of contracts with Coca Cola. Coke should address the group directly avoiding accusations of trying to hide its activities and actions. In this way it would defend itself and would also be able to regain its credibility and continue building its image by being proactive. Another reason why it should do so is to gain trust of customers since it claims it has nothing to hide by being truthful and giving an answer instead of waiting for the rumors, accusations and scandal to subside. Which of the 2 companies do you think has better long term prospects for success in India? The two companies in question are strong multinationals which are widespread around the world. Some might argue that on world terms Coca-Cola is the strongest brand out of the two. However after analyzing the case in hand it is evident that both companies could have handled situations different leading to different results. The success or lack of it in the first years in a foreign country can be very helpful in predicting the future of the company. Pepsi on the one hand has already a great market share and sustainable brand recognition. On the other hand, Coca Colas conflicts with the Indian government are not very promising. Having a good relationship with authorities is vital for growth. Both multi-nationals have been successful in developing marketing strategies aimed at increasing the consumption of carbonated soft drinks. Moreover, they were both very successful in glocalization as seen earlier. Some argue that PepsiCo was most successful through the use of Basmati rice (considered a luxury type of rice) in its sales promotions while others consider Coca Colas depiction of Bollywood stars its advertising campaigns as being impeccable. Moreover, Coca Cola India was always the initiator of the new ventures/strategies, but failed to follow through. PepsiCo followed Coca Colas initial ideas, going that step further. In fact, PepsiCo was more successful in engaging the local people with its brand. Statistically, Pepsi has had constant growth during its occupancy in a stable pattern. Long term investors seem to prefer Pepsi Co due to its promise of future expansion. If a company invests in Pepsi Co today, PepsiCo is promising a rise of almost 100 more points by 2015. Coca Cola India seems to be attracting more those who believe in fixed income, as its investments seem to be fluctuating less. Regarding direct competition, Coca-Cola still trails behind Pepsi in terms of market share which could signify that Pepsi has a better overall strategy for success. Coca Cola seems to be struggling more to survive in such a dynamic and growing market. All in all, the current situation does point more towards Pepsi as being more successful than Coca Cola in the Indian market. What lessons can each company draw from its Indian experience as it contemplates entry into other Big Emerging Markets? It seems that prior market research was most overlooked by both companies. Deep market research including all the PESTLE elements is vital in order to understand how to do business in the foreign country. As stated in the text: In many ways, Coke and Pepsi managers got to learn the hard way that what works here does not always work there. Moreover, on-going environmental scanning is important in order to be able to anticipate matters rather than being re-active to situations. With specific measures in place, both companies could have avoided all the bad publicity on their brand names. Both companies should also have focused more on education of their products. Most probably, many emerging countries lack knowledge of their brands and also lack certain infrastructures and standards of living present in other developed countries. PepsiCo lessons learnt Pepsi realized how important it is to understand and keep with local tastes thus focusing on the clear lemon category which was a great hit in India. It is also beneficial to pay attention to market trends in order to position your product accordingly. A very important point for Pepsi in India was the pricing policy and bottle sizes. Adapting your communication mix as well as distribution methods to the market is also a key point. Local celebrity appeals made for exceptional advertising for PepsiCo. Coca Cola India lessons learnt While also realizing the importance of paying attention to market trends; Coca Cola surely realizes the importance of investing in local products. While not investing in Thums Up brand for the first couple of years, decreasing market share from 60% of total carbonated beverage sales to 15%, after a substantial investment, Thums Up ranked second nationwide within a year. The importance of timing of entry should not be overlooked. Coca Cola entered the market at a poor time because they had to agree to abide by all of the Foreign Investment Laws of that year Defining your target audiences more specifically than what Coca Cola did in India could have helped for better targeting/positioning and thus advertising of products. Coca Cola separated its markets as India A and India B without any further differentiation through for example age, gender, language, interests, location. Establishing a good business relationship with the host countrys government and/or any other governmental or non-governmental groups present in the country is also vital as these could act either as a source of advantage or could impede your success. Coca Cola made a mistake in trying to get out of its promises. It had already made a mistake by entering the contract they did. By continuing to apply for extensions and attempting to deny voting rights for the Indian stake, Coca Cola India was only tarnishing its public image and destroying its relationship with the government. Finally, as Venkatesh Mysore, (Managing Director, MetLife India Insurance Company Pvt. Ltd. In Bangalore) said: It is extremely important for MNCs to follow the laws of the land, and not look for short-cuts (Ashok Rao et al. 2006).

Modernist Movement in Fords Good Soldier and Woolfs Mrs. Dalloway Ess

Ford Madox Ford and Virginia Woolf were major contributors to the modernist movement. They, as well as others (such as James Joyce), were trying something new, by breaking down the boundaries of traditional writing. Ford's Good Soldier and Woolf's Mrs. Dalloway are two particular examples of the genre. These novels were not well-received in their own time. As time went on, however, the attitudes of the literary world changed and were able to finally see these works for what they really are – exemplary pieces of fiction, certainly worth merit. The Good Soldier was first published in 1915. Rebecca West penned a promising review for the year, ending with â€Å"Indeed, this is a much, much better book than any of us deserve† (40). Theodore Dreiser, in his review published in the New Republic in June of the same year, is not as kind. He disdains John Dowell as narrator, particularly his unreliable and meandering style, calling it a â€Å"bad method† (Dreiser 41). Dreiser goes on to explain that he finds no fault with the plot, just with the way Ford went about telling it. It is interesting to note that Dreiser states that a story must proceed in a linear fashion, bemoaning the fact that The Good Soldier does not follow this form, but yet winds up his article by calling the book â€Å"fairly representative of that encrusting formalism which, barnacle-wise, is apparently overtaking and destroying all that is best in English life† (43). In the early 1950s, there was a resurgence in interest (and criticism) of The Good Soldier. Mark Schorer, in his introduction to the 1951 reprint of the novel, called it a â€Å"great work of comic irony† (44). Where Dreiser denigrated the form of the novel as if it were sloppy and slapdash, Schore... ...so did literature, and eventually, critics began to come around and focus on particular aspects of these works, rather than dislike for them. Works Cited Author Unknown. â€Å"Book Notices.† The English Journal 14 (1925): 738-744. 4 Nov. 2014. Bullett, Gerald. â€Å"Virginia Woolf.† The English Journal 17 (1928): 793-800. 4 Nov. 2014. Cassell, Richard A., ed. Critical Essays on Ford Madox Ford. Boston: G.K. Hall and Co., 1987. Cheng, Vincent J. "Religious Differences in `The Good Soldier': The `Protest' Scene." Renascence 37 (1985): 238-247. Literature Resource Center. Infotrac. U of South Florida, Tampa. 18 Nov 2014. . Hoffman, Charles G. Ford Madox Ford. Boston: G.K. Hall and Co., 1990. Wright, Nathalia. â€Å"Mrs. Dalloway: A Study in Composition.† College English 5 (1944): 351-358. 3 Nov. 2014.

Othello: A Man of Love and Passion Essay

In this age of epic, fantasy, scientific fictions and other creative stories, people are sometimes bound to forget the best things found in the past, the origin of everything that we are enjoying now. One of the best examples is the literary masterpieces that can be found way back a long time ago. William Shakespeare’s works are considered one of the best ideas of all time. His works might have been millenniums ago, but are still passed generations to generations due to its all time effect and appeal to all the people at any age. Some of his famous works are the forbidden love of Romeo and Julie, the power of Macbeth, and of course, the Othello. Othello is a story that revolves about how love can grow deadly and fierce. Indeed, love is a precious thing that is sometimes shadowed by jealousy and betrayal. Racism is also tackled on the story, the story has shown a how a simple skin color can widely affect one’s whole life. The story circulated on the life of the major character Othello, he is greatly described nowadays this way: A noble â€Å"Moor†, in the service of the Venetian State, Othello is introduced to us in the very first scene by the term â€Å"Moor†, when Iago complains that Othello has made Cassio his lieutenant and not him. We also learn from Iago that Othello has a relationship with the fair Desdemona. Respected by the Duke of Venice, who is the first to address him by Gulin 2 name (Othello in Act I, Scene III) and who sends for him when Cypress is threatened by Turkish forces, Othello is continuously described by his critics (Brabantio, Iago) as a â€Å"Moor† a reference to his dark skinned appearance and a reference to the race of Muslim peoples of north-western Africa to which Othello belongs. Othello to sum it all up is a simple African prince who lives together with his family on Europe. On his stay on the premises of Europe, he had become a Venetian military with the rank as general. Being a soldier, he got to help other people in need, thus, making him more a bit more knowledgeable than other people with regards to women. In the middle of the story, Othello and Desdemona, the daughter of Barbatio, will eventually be married with each other. Othello can best symbolize men who are undergoing discrimination in the society just because their skin color is darker than other people, a fact they would have never meant to be. But indeed, despite of all this betrayals that succumbs his whole personality and lies of the people around him, he still manage to show his wife Desdemona his unconditional and true over just like any other man unto his wife. The story Othello is now known to be the mother of all modern drama due to its mass appeal and timely story. Works Cited http://absoluteshakespeare.com/guides/othello/othello.htm plot summary of Othello

Childrens Drawings

What do children’s drawings tell us about children’s minds? The topic of children’s drawings and their relation to a child’s cognitive processes, particularly thoughts is a topic of great interest. It is widely believed that children often express feelings, thoughts and messages which they cannot express through words through drawing pictures. This essay reviews previous research conducted on children’s drawings and aims to assess what exactly it tells us about their minds and what messages they are putting down in drawings.Following an overview of drawing and the cognitive development, this essay evaluates a selection of relevant research studies into children’s drawings and minds and aims to understand some specific symbols which are often drawn by young children and the meaning of these graphic images. According to Thomas & Silk (1990), children’s drawings have a variety of different purposes varying from bringing pleasure and enjoy ment to themselves, decorating walls and expressing feelings and showing others how they feel about certain objects or people. N. R.Smith (1973) believes that the child begins the drawing with no intention or symbolisation, but as the drawing progresses a pattern is made and the child sees a representation and then proceeds to make the rest of the drawing shift towards this representation and builds on that. The basic pattern of children’s development of drawings begins at scribbles which appear from 12 months. The scribbles are non-representational and just involve the progressive control of movement. These scribbles tend to be viewed as gestures rather than drawing in true sense of the world according to Vygotsky.Arnheim (1956) believes that the earliest scribbles are a motor impulse, this simply means the child has no intention to draw a representation of an object or event it is just a coincidence. They begin to progress from 20 months of age where the scribbles being to become representational and the marks stand for whole objects. Cognitive psychologists tend to search these scribbles for visual resemblance where they attempt to make some sense of it. There is often some intended meaning within the scribbles, for example dots representing foot prints but not true representation.Symbolic pictures start to appear around 3 years of age where children begin to understand that pictures represent objects and begin to start drawing simple pictures of people. Over time more realistic pictures are drawn around 5/6 years old and at 6/7 years old children begin to use size, position and composition to show depth, those of which allow more natural representations of the real world and tend to have a more significant meaning. Luquet (1927) and later on Piaget & Inhelder (1969) invented the Stage Theory of Drawing.This is the belief that drawings are external representations of the child’s internal model which is their mental picture. The stage theory co nsists of four stages. The first stage is fortuitous realism which occurs at 1. 5-2. 5 years old and consists of labelling objects in scribbles. The second stage is failed realism (2/5-5 years old), representational intention but tends to be inaccurate. The third stage being intellectual realism (5-8 years old), drawing what the child knows rather than what they see and the fourth stage, visual realism which is beyond 8 years old which is where the child actually draws what they see.There has been evidence to back up the stage theory, for example Freeman & Janikoun (1972) conducted a study in 1972 on 5-7 year olds. They were asked to draw a mug in front of them which had the handle out of view. Results found that under 8 year olds who would be in the intellectual stage drew the mug which included the hidden parts as they would be drawing what they knew, whereas the 8 year olds and over who would be in the Visual stage drew only what they could see.However the stage theory has been c riticised for the stages being too rigid leading to underestimating the child’s ability. Barret, Beaumont & Jennett (1985) also found that instructions can have an impact on the child’s drawing. They found that if children were given standard instructions, i. e. just telling them to draw what they can see, only 11% of drawings would be correct whereas if they were given explicit instructions, i. e. draw exactly what they can see and look at it very carefully in order to draw it as you see, 65% of drawings were correct.It is also argue that the stage theory can vary over different cultures. The human figure is a drawing particularly investigated as it is regarded to be a way in which children express something about themselves. Researchers believe they can explain a child’s personality and their current emotional state. Tests were created to investigate this, for example the Kinetic Family Drawings Test claimed to measure how children felt about the topics in the drawing and their wider environment.However further research was conducted to assess the reliability and validity of this test and results proved to be quite poor meaning the test was not a reliable indicator of children’s emotions and drawings. However it is the more recent research which is providing evidence that children’s drawings do show children’s feelings as they tend to focus more on particular drawing styles, drawing size and colour which show that the drawings can be investigated systematically (Burkitt, 2004).This can cause some confusion though because it is difficult to understand what aspect of emotion a child is conveying through a large or small figure, however as this topic is increasingly looked it, it is coming to the conclusion that if the child is feeling happy and feels positive towards the figure they are drawing then the figure size tends to be larger whereas a smaller figure will be used if the child is feeling negative. This is useful in understanding how children are feeling simply by analysing their drawings.Children’s drawings are often described as a mirror of a child’s representational development, meaning that as children grow older they develop more complex and representational strategies of drawing. These are also furthermore differentiated by gender. A study conducted by Cherney et al. (2006) collected drawings from 109 5-13 year olds of the child’s family and school. The results showed significant age and gender differences revolving around the amount of detail included in the drawings of the school showing that females included more.The drawings also showed stereotypical drawings between males and females pictures showing that genders represent families differently. The drawings of the families suggested that the female’s drawings may represent their experiences with family relationships and they tend to value these relationships more than males. These results also showed t hat with age, the drawings became more realistic which supports the findings of several previous studies on drawing development with age leading to more representational drawings.Girls also drew the female figures taller than the boys which may be reflective of how she feels about the relationships in her life and that she values her fellow female friends more dearly. The taller figures can also indicate high self-esteem. It is suggested that differences in motor skills may confound the findings. The colours used in children’s drawings can also help play a part in discovering the child’s mind. For example Dr Winter (2006) states that when a child draws in dark colours such as black and grey, it does not immediately mean that there is something wrong with the child, however if the child is onstantly using black, grey and other dark colours in favour of other brighter, cheerful colours, it could suggest the child has some sort of problem which is worth investigating. A s tudy by E. Burkitt & A. Davis (2003) was conducted to investigate the use of children’s colour choice in drawings and how these colours related to what they thought of the drawings. It consisted of 330 4-11 year olds. It was found that children used the colours which they preferred more to colour in the objects they thought to be nice and used their least favourite colours for the objects they thought to be nasty.It was also found that the colour black was the most frequently used colour used for the negative images. These findings help interpret children’s drawings just by looking at what colours are used and this will help give an understanding of the child’s thoughts on the object. So in general children’s drawings which use bright and bold colours tend to be viewed as positive and assume the child is experience happy cognitions whereas when a child uses dark colours it is assumed that the child may be experiencing distress and negative cognitions.Howe ver Burkitt (2003) criticised this and argued that when a child uses a dark colour it may not necessarily mean they are expressing a negative attitude, it could simply be that the child favours this colour and they want to express this in their drawing by using their favourite colour. The things that children may not be able to tell themselves can often be found through interpretations and observations of their drawings of graphic symbols.Previous research found the main and clearest signs found in drawings are over sized ears without earrings which could suggest the child is experiencing some sort of verbal abuse in their life, big hands in a drawing suggest that the child is experiencing some sort of physical abuse and aggression, if a drawing of a person has no mouth it is suggested that the child finds it difficult to communicate and drawings of a person with jagged teeth, spiked fingers and hair relate to aggressive behaviour.However to properly interpret children’s draw ings, these patterns must be consistent over time and not just occur once otherwise it is highly likely it will have no meaning or representation and is just a random occurrence with significance at all. Wales believes that as we begin to summarize characteristics of children’s drawings and watch them develop and change throughout childhood we soon see that the observations that are made on the hildren’s drawings are in fact the product of our own interpretations and what we believe the picture is showing. The question of how children draw pictures which differ so much from adults is a major question which often causes debates such as is there actually a message there or is it just a typical child’s drawing which has no significance or meaning whatsoever.Many questions arise involving this research area once people attempt to make sense of children’s drawings, however many people believe children’s drawings should be left as they are without invest igation as they believe it is mysterious and imaginative. The research looked into for this essay has shown that the main indicators used in children’s drawings which help to understand children’s thoughts, messages and emotions are the colours used and the figure size.The research into children’s drawings in relation to children’s minds has found many results showing that drawings do relate to the child’s cognitions however all research into interpreting children’s drawings and what it tells us about their minds can be criticised because it could just be that the child enjoys drawing something particular and their decision to draw what they are drawing is always influenced by their own knowledge of the object and their own thoughts and interpretations on the object and what bits are important about it.The drawing is a representation of how the child sees the world themselves and it is thought that to alter this information by adding adult i nterpretations and to investigate more into it is a shame. As the child’s cognition capacity increasing, children are more able to express representations as they move from simple drawings, to complex drawings. It is difficult to conclude whether these drawings actually represent something to the child or whether it is simply our own interpretations and representations. References Barret, Beaumont & Jennett. (1985).The effect of instructions on view-specificity in young children’s drawing and picture selection. The British Psychological Society, 8 (4), 393-400. Burkitt, E. & Davis, A. (2003). Children’s colour choices for completing drawings of affectively characterised topics. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 44, 445-455. Burkitt, E. (2004). Drawing conclusions from children’s art. The Psychologist, 17, 566-568. Cherney et al. (2006). Children’s drawings: A mirror to their minds. Educational Psychology, 26 (1), 12 7-142. Chia, N. (2006, October 26). Understand your children through their drawings.LESNET Web Blog. Retrieved December 12, 2012, from http://www. lsesnet. com/blog/? p=28 Freeman, N, H. & Janikoun, R. (1972). Intellectual realism in children’s drawings of a familiar object with distinctive features. Child Development, 43 (3), 1116-1121. Grieve, R. & Hughes, M. (1991). Understanding children. 140-144. Luquet. (1927). Stage Theory of Drawing Meadows, S. (1993). Children’s drawings. The child as a thinker. The development and acquisition of cognition in childhood. 94-96. Thomas, G. & Silk,A. (1990). An introduction to the psychology of children’s drawings. Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf. Self-Reflective Assessment 1/ How did you search for and identify suitable reading for this assignment? Has your reading been sufficiently wide enough and does it make good use of peer-reviewed sources? I used Google scholar, e-library, books from the library and the refere nces provided in the lecture PowerPoint slides to find suitable reading on children’s drawings and children’s minds and it was sufficiently wide enough. All readings were suitable and related to the essay question. 2/ How does your Introduction orientate the reader? How well do you identify the purpose and scope of the essay, and outline your thesis?My introduction orientates the reader because I stated what the essay was about in general and I stated how it has been addressed by previous researchers. I identified the purpose of the essay well as I addressed the main issue of how it is believed that children’s drawings can explain a child’s cognitions. My thesis was outlined well as I summarised the structure of the essay and what it will include. 3/ What evidence have you used to support your argument and the points or claims you make? Are your sources reliable, and have you cited these at appropriate points throughout the essay using APA style?I used AP A style to cite my sources throughout my essay. I have used evidence from previous studies conducted, journals and books to support my arguments and points made. These are all very reliable sources and have been put in my reference section also. 4/ How well have you critically evaluated your material? I tried to criticise and argue to an extent against as many points and argument as I possibly could in my essay so that more viewpoints come across giving me more to evaluate. 5/ How well have you answered the question and avoided unnecessary digression or irrelevant content?I believe that all of my contents are relevant to the question in one way or another. Every point relates back to what the children’s drawing can tell us about their mind and tried also to explain why when possible. 6/ How well does your conclusion summarise the overall argument and round off the essay? The conclusion summarises the overall argument well as it includes all the main, important parts from each study rounded up into one to make an overall conclusion. The essay is rounded off with a final and straight, simple answer to the essay question. .